Anti-Lithogenic Potential of Dietary Tender Cluster Beans (Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba) in Experimental Animal Models.

Raghavendra, C. K. (2014) Anti-Lithogenic Potential of Dietary Tender Cluster Beans (Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba) in Experimental Animal Models. PhD thesis, University of Mysore.

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Abstract

Cholesterol gallstone disease (CGS) is the most common disorder affecting the body's biliary system, the organs and ducts that make, transport, store, and release bile. Bile is a yellow viscous fluid, made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder that acts in the small intestine to facilitate digestion and absorption of dietary fat. Bile contains water, cholesterol, bile salts (the chemicals necessary to digest fat), proteins, bilirubin (a breakdown product from blood cells), and small amounts of heavy metals. Cholesterol gallstones develop when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts. Besides a high concentration of cholesterol, two other factors seem to be important in causing gallstones. The first is how often and how well the gallbladder contracts; incomplete and infrequent emptying of the gallbladder may cause the bile to become over-concentrated and contribute to gallstone formation. The second factor is the presence of proteins in the liver and bile that either promote or inhibit cholesterol crystallization into gallstones. Cholesterol stones form when three conditions exist: (a) Bile must be supersaturated with cholesterol, (b) The cholesterol in bile must rapidly transform into crystals, and (c) There must be a decrease in gallbladder contractions. Cholesterol concentration exceeds the bile solubilizing capacity; thus part of cholesterol precipitates in the form of micro crystals; these micro crystals aggregate to form microscopic structures. Another important aspect is the balance between the pronucleating and anti-nucleating factors in bile. That is, if there are more pronucleating factors compared to anti-nucleating factors there is high incidence of gallstones. Several dietary components are known to influence formation of CGS. Animal protein such as casein containing diets favour CGS formation than diets containing soya protein. Similarly, animals on diet containing polyunsaturated fat like fish oil have a lower incidence of CGS compared to those on diets with saturated fat. It is likely that fibre rich diets are beneficial in preventing CGS formation. Some information is also available on the beneficial role of hypocholesterolemic spices such as fenugreek, garlic, onion, curcumin, and capsaicin in CGS formation in animal model. Recently, it has been demonstrated that dietary garlic is effective in inhibiting CGS formation and also in regression of pre-formed CGS in experimental mice. This beneficial effect was attributable to a favourable reversal of the altered lipid homeostasis in the bile of these animals. It is also evidenced that tender cluster bean which provides liberal amounts of dietary fibre is a very effective cholesterol reducing agent under conditions of experimentally induced atherogenesis. The mechanisms of their action are dissimilar with respect to beneficial modulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Hence the combined use of these two classes of food ingredients may have a synergy and if that is so, a potential application to evolve food based strategy to maximize the health beneficial influences. It is proposed to make exhaustive studies to explore synergy between dietary cluster bean (as a provider of soluble fibre) and the spice garlic in deriving human health benefits to the maximum with respect to: (a) preventing or reducing the incidence of cholesterol gallstones under lithogenic conditions, and (b) acceleration of the regression of the preformed cholesterol gallstones. Besides examining the effectiveness of the combination, the proposed work also envisages evaluation of the mechanism of antilithogenic effect by delineating the modulation of cholesterol homeostasis, Biliary secretion of procholesterol nucleating proteins and anti-nucleating proteins, and in vitro antilithogenic potential using model bile systems.

Item Type:	Thesis (PhD)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	tender cluster beans, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, lithogenic diet, Anti-cholelithogenic effect
Subjects:	600 Technology > 08 Food technology > 22 Legumes-Pulses
Divisions:	Dept. of Biochemistry
Depositing User:	Food Sci. & Technol. Information Services
Date Deposited:	06 Nov 2015 08:04
Last Modified:	30 Dec 2016 08:20
URI:	http://ir.cftri.res.in/id/eprint/11944

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