Methods Integrating Physical Mechanisms Underlying the Food Digestion and Release of Nutrients in Human Stomach

Different models were developed to substitute in vivo studies on gastric digestion of food (for evaluating bioaccessibility)
or pharmaceutical formulations (to determine release of active ingredients). However, selecting a
suitable method widely depends on operating conditions and how close the model predicts the actual phenomenon
occurring. Digestion is well studied in terms of gastric secretion and enzymatic breakdown of food components, but
the disintegration kinetics of food and the release of embedded nutrients from the food matrix with effect on various
processing conditions still require more attention. This is because, most of the reported models are focused on
physiochemical changes during digestion without considering the physical forces exerted on food by accounting
actual shape and motility of the stomach. Recently, computational techniques were found to provide unique insight
on gastric digestion with its ability to reproduce actual shape and motility of the stomach. All these models help to
formulate food and pharmaceuticals. With this background, these comprehensive reviews focustonarrowdown
differentgastricmodelsandtheircapabilitieswithmeritsanddemeritstoassistresearchers,manufacturers, and
pharmaceutics to select a suitable method for evaluation. This review also includes the latest developments in the
area of the computational modeling, particle disintegration, gastric emptying and release of nutrients from food
microstructure.