Appraising the role of biotics and fermented foods in gut microbiota modulation and sleep regulation

Sleep disturbances are increasingly prevalent, significantly impacting
physical and mental health. Recent research reveals a bidirectional relationship
between gut microbiota and sleep, mediated through the microbiota–gut–brain
axis. This review examines the role of gut microbiota in sleep physiology and
explores how biotics, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and
fermented foods, can enhance sleep quality. Drawing from animal and human
studies, we discuss neurobiological mechanisms by which biotics may influence
sleep, including modulation of neurotransmitters, immune responses, and hor-
monal regulation. Key microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids,
are highlighted for their role in supporting sleep-related neurochemical pro-
cesses. Additionally, this review presents dietary strategies and food processing
technologies, like fermentation, as innovative approaches for sleep enhance-
ment. Although promising, the available research has limitations, including
small sample sizes, variability in biotic strains and dosages, and reliance on sub-
jective sleep assessments. This review underscores the need for standardized
protocols, objective assessments such as polysomnography, and personalized
biotic interventions. Emerging findings highlight the therapeutic potential of
gut microbiota modulation for sleep improvement, though further large-scale
human trials are essential to refine strain selection, dosage, and formulation.
This interdisciplinary exploration seeks to advance food-based interventions and
holistic strategies for managing sleep disorders and improving quality of life.