Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of polyphenols from sour mangosteen (Garcinia xanthochymus) fruit.

Sour mangosteen fruits are good dietary sources of polyphenols with various health benefts. To understand the efects of
dietary polyphenols on human health it is essential to determine their stability and fate in the lumen. In the present study,
we evaluated the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of fruit peel and rind phenolic extract by in vitro gastrointestinal and
in vivo mouse (C57BL/6) models. The results of bioaccessibility of peel showed that epicatechin was highly bioaccessible in
oral (97.59% ± 4.87), gastric (82.09% ± 4.01) as well as intestinal (41.60% ± 2.88) phase followed by chlorogenic, syringic
and gallic acids whereas, in rind, the gallic acid was highly bioaccessible in oral (66.59% ± 3.93) and gastric (42.89% ±
3.01) phase followed by catechin and chlorogenic acid, however, in intestinal phase catechin (30.99% ± 1.98) was highly
bioaccessible followed by gallic acid and chlorogenic acid. Gastric pH also favored the recovery of syringic and sinapic
acids. Similar results were also observed in bioavailability study in in-vivo animal model with the Tmax value of both the
epicatechin in peel and the catechin in rind was 2 h with a Cmax value of 62.03 and 1.10 µg/mL of plasma respectively. To
conclude, the sour mangosteen fruit peel and rind polyphenols are stable in gastrointestinal tract environment and their
bioactives are more bioavailable.