A Recent Study on Remediation of Direct Blue 15 Dye Using Halloysite Nanotubes.

A set of lab-scale experiments were designed and conducted to remedy Direct Blue
15 (DB15) dye using nontoxic halloysite nanotubes (HNT) with the view to be utilized in a textile
industrial effluent (TIE). The DB15 adsorbed-HNT “sludge” was used as a reinforcing agent and
plastic waste to fabricate the composite. To advance the knowledge and further understand the
chemical phenomena associated with DB15 adsorption on HNT, different factors like pH value,
adsorbate initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on the composite were affected
experimentally tested. To estimate the adsorption capacity of HNT, nine isotherm models were
applied, and it was identified that the Brouers–Sotolongo adsorption isotherm model represented the
best accuracy for predicting the adsorption behavior of the HNT. Likewise, the pseudo-second-order
reaction was the predominant mechanism for the overall rate of the multi-step dye adsorption process.
Additionally, it was demonstrated that the mass transfer during the process is diffusion-controlled,
and thermodynamic assessments showed that the process is physisorption.