Protocol to produce plant-based hybrid nanovesicles from fresh turmeric and pepper using polyethylene glycol

In addition to proteins, microRNAs, and lipids, plant-derived exosome-like nano-
vesicles (ENVs) are also enriched with host plant bioactives. Both curcumin and
piperine are water insoluble, lack bioavailability, and are extracted by non-eco-
friendly solvents. Herein, we present an eco-friendly protocol for co-isolating
both curcumin and piperine in the form of hybrid ENVs. We describe steps for
sample pre-processing, combined homogenization of plant materials, filtration,
and differential centrifugation. We then detail procedures for polyethylene gly-
col-based fusion and precipitation of hybrid ENVs.