Biotics: An emerging food supplement for health improvement in the era of immune modulation

The involvement of the commensal microbiota in immune function is a
multifold process. Biotics, such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and
paraprobiotics, have been subjected to animal and human trials demonstrating
the association between gut microbes and immunity biomarkers leading to
improvement in overall health. In recent years, studies on human microbiome
interaction have established the multifarious role of biotics in maintaining
overall health. The consumption of biotics has been extensively reported to
help in maintaining microbial diversity, enhancing gut‐associated mucosal
immune homeostasis, and providing protection against a wide range of
lifestyle disorders. However, the establishment of biotics as an alternative
therapy for a range of health conditions is yet to be ascertained. Despite the
fact that scientific literature has demonstrated the correlation between biotics
and immune modulation, most in vivo and in vitro reports are inconclusive
on the dosage required. This review provides valuable insights into the
immunomodulatory effects of biotics consumption based on evidence obtained
from animal models and clinical trials. Furthermore, we highlight the optimal
dosages of biotics that have been reported to deliver maximum health benefits.
By identifying critical research gaps, we have suggested a roadmap for future
investigations to advance our understanding of the intricate crosstalk between
biotics and immune homeostasis.