Combined effect of astaxanthin and squalene on oxidative stress in vivo

Obesity and diabetes, risk factors for metabolic
syndrome, are characterized by oxidative stress and
inflammatory responses. Marine biofunctionals, astaxanthin
(Ax) and squalene (SQ), were evaluated for their
combined effect. Groups of male KK-Ay mice were fed
high fat/sucrose diet for 4 weeks, supplemented with either
0.1 %Ax, 2 %SQ or 0.1 %Ax ? 2 %SQ. In comparison to
control, Sod was elevated in only Ax ? SQ. However, Gpx
was highest in Ax ? SQ, indicating the combined antioxidant
effect of Ax and SQ. This was supported by elevated
mRNA expression of Sod1 and Gpx1. Except adiponectin
(elevated in Ax and Ax ? SQ), expression of other
inflammatory markers was not altered. Blood glucose
levels were decreased in SQ and Ax ? SQ while liver
triglycerides decreased in SQ group. This is the first in vivo
study demonstrating combined effects of Ax and SQ
resulting in antioxidant effects and modulation of glucose/
triglyceride levels. This study highlights the benefit of
utilizing Ax and SQ together for management of
obesity/diabetes.