Sustainable Adsorption Method for the Remediation of Crystal Violet Dye Using Nutraceutical Industrial Fenugreek Seed Spent.

Nutraceutical industrial fenugreek seed spent (NIFGS), a relatively low-cost material abundantly
available with little toxicity is used in crystal violet (CV) dye remediation from aqueous media
and reported in the present study. To access the adsorption capacity, the factors affecting it are kinetics
and the equilibrium thermodynamics. All the experiments were designed at approximately pH 7. The
adsorption isotherm model proposed by Langmuir fits better than the Freundlich isotherm model.
Kinetic studies data confirm the pseudo-second order model. It is evident from thermodynamic
parameter values that the process of adsorption is endothermic, physical and dynamic. The process
optimization of independent variables that influence adsorption was carried out using response
surface methodology (RSM) through bi-level fractional factorial experimental design (FEED). The
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was implemented to investigate the combined effect of parameters
influencing adsorption. The possibilities of using dye-adsorbed NIFGS (“sludge”) for the fabrication
of the composites using plastic waste are suggested.